Betelgeuse: 10 Fun & Interesting Facts About the Supernova Candidate

Betelgeuse is a star - a red supergiant - lying in the popular and widely recognized constellation Orion. Betelgeuse is one of the brightest stars visible in the night sky and has been stirring up a lot of excitement in recent times due to its potential supernova transformation. If you are a fan of space, astronomy, and scientific curiosities, below you will find ten questions and answers about this giant star - enjoy!

Jump to:

• 📜 1. Who Discovered Betelgeuse?
• 🌌 2. Which Galaxy is Betelgeuse in?
• 🌃 3. How to Find Betelgeuse in the Night Sky?
• 🌎 4. How far is Betelgeuse from Earth?
• 🔅 5. Is Betelgeuse Dimming/Fading/Flickering? Why?
• ✋ 6. What does Betelgeuse mean?
• ☀️ 7. Betelgeuse vs. Sun
• 🔭 8. How to Photograph Betelgeuse (When it is Still "Alive")?
• 💥 9. Will and When Betelgeuse Explode (Soon?) and Goes Supernova?
• ☄️ 10. Can Betelgeuse Kill us?
• ❓ FAQ

📜 1. Who Discovered Betelgeuse?

This star was already known and observed in ancient times (knowledge about Betelgeuse was passed down in tales between Aborigines, and in the written texts, it was already discussed by Ptolemy), so it is hardly impossible to identify the first person who saw it.

The Englishman John Herschel, who in 1836 published his observations on its differences in brightness in the Outlines of Astronomy, is considered to be a modern discoverer and first researcher.

🌌 2. Which Galaxy is Betelgeuse in?

Is it in Andromeda? In Pinwheel? Or maybe in Whirlpool?

It turns out that we don't have to look that far because Betelgeuse is in our galaxy - the Milky Way. This star lies in the Orion Arm (the spiral arm of the Milky Way) - in the same region as our solar system and the Earth.

🌃 3. How to Find Betelgeuse in the Night Sky?

Our red supergiant star is a member of the Orion constellation, one of the northern sky's largest and most recognizable constellations. You don't need astronomical binoculars or a telescope to spot Betelgeuse - you can observe it clearly with the naked eye. I'm giving you the simplest recipe to find Betelgeuse in the night sky:

1. Locate the constellation Orion (best visible over the northern sky during winter). If you have any troubles locating the constellation, use a mobile application such as Stellarium, SkyView, or Safari.
2. Inside, spot the characteristic asterism - Orion's Belt. It is these three stars close to each other that form an almost equal line - Alnitak, Alnilam, and Mintaka.
3. Betelgeuse is the big orange-yellow "dot" above them.

🌎 4. How far is Betelgeuse from Earth?

642.5 light-years.

By comparison, the average distance between the Earth and the Moon is 1.2 light seconds - not even minutes or hours!

The star closest to Earth except for the Sun, Proxima Centauri, is 4.22 light-years from our planet.

The farthest distance that humanity has reached from Earth (and not even with living passengers on board, but as a machine built by us) is about 21 light hours (as of 2022) - this was achieved by the Voyager 1 probe launched in 1977.

As you can see, the distance between Earth and Betelgeuse is quite impressive.

🔅 5. Is Betelgeuse Dimming/Fading/Flickering? Why?

Yes, it is, and it's normal behavior for this type of star.

Our red supergiant is a variable star, which means it changes its magnitude (apparent "brightness") from time to time.

Here's what Universe Today says:

Updated observations of Betelgeuse’s regular pulses allowed researchers to confirm that the primary cause of variability is something called the “Kappa Mechanism” which destabilizes the star’s equilibrium essentially causing Betelgeuse to “breath” as it swells and shrinks in size and brightness.

Matthew Cimone, Universe Today

✋ 6. What does Betelgeuse mean?

The English name Betelgeuse comes from the Arabic language and means "The Hand of Orion."

☀️ 7. Betelgeuse vs. Sun

	Betelgeuse	Sun
Type of star	red supergiant	G-type main-sequence
Mass	9.5 – 21 M☉(solar mass)	2 × 1030 kg
Radius	≈ 887 R☉(solar radius)	1.9884 × 1030 kg
Age	≈ 8.5 million years	≈ 4.6 billion years
Spectral type	M1–M2 Ia–ab	G2V
Temperature	3500 K	5778 K
Distance from Earth	642,5 light-years	8,5 light-minutes

🔭 8. How to Photograph Betelgeuse (When it is Still "Alive")?

Betelgeuse is one of the brightest stars visible in the sky, so you can even take a picture of it with a smartphone with a good camera.

However, if you want an effect slightly better than a white/yellow/orange dot on a black background, it is worth using a somewhat more advanced astrophotography kit:

• Equatorial mount
• Camera - DSLR, mirrorless, or dedicated CCD/CMOS astronomy camera. A DSLR/mirrorless camera like Fuji X-T20, Canon EOS 5D/6D, or Nikon D7500 will be more than sufficient for this quest.
• Telephoto lens
• Light pollution filter - not necessary if you have access to dark skies.
• Tripod

Set your lens aperture to fully open (to the lowest F-number), put some high ISO (1600, 3200, 6400 - it depends on your camera), point your lens to the star, set your mount with the camera on a tripod, and shoot for a few seconds.

Of course, you can apply all the astrophotography techniques I write about on this site, like tracking and stacking, to get even better results!

Below is the effect obtained with a typical mid-range mirrorless camera - Fuji X-T20 - and a 35mm lens (Fujinon 35mm F / 1.4) on a stationary tripod (without using any tracker/EQ mount).

💥 9. Will and When Betelgeuse Explode (Soon?) and Goes Supernova?

It all depends on the definition of the word "soon."

Some day, for sure. But probably not today, not tomorrow, not next year, or not even the next decade.

There is no real consensus between astronomers. Some say that the star could explode years ago, but the light hasn't come to Earth yet; some say that our red supergiant star will explode very soon, during our lifetime; and, in the end, some say that the star has a long life ahead of his. So - nobody knows for sure. We have to deal with it.

Here's what the researchers at Kavli IPMU have to say:

Betelgeuse is not at all close to exploding, and that it is too far from Earth for the eventual explosion to have significant impact here, even though it is still a really big deal when a supernova goes off.

Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU)

Yes, Betelgeuse will explode, but it might as well be tomorrow or in a hundred thousand years as well. The chances of seeing a new supernova in our lifetime are rather slim.

☄️ 10. Can Betelgeuse Kill us?

Let's check what NASA has to say about it:

Any planet with life on it near a star that goes supernova would indeed experience problems. X- and gamma-ray radiation from the supernova could damage the ozone layer, which protects us from harmful ultraviolet light in the sun's rays. The less ozone there is, the more UV light reaches the surface. At some wavelengths, just a 10 percent increase in ground-level UV can be lethal to some organisms, including phytoplankton near the ocean surface. Because these organisms form the basis of oxygen production on Earth and the marine food chain, any significant disruption to them could cascade into a planet-wide problem.

NASA

It sounds dangerous. However, there is hope!

Betelgeuse is 642.5 light-years from Earth. According to NASA, only planets that are less than 50 light-years from the source of the blast (over 12 times our distance from Betelgeuse) have a problem with a supernova.

Given the vastness of space and the long times between supernovae, astronomers can say with certainty that there is no threatening star close enough to hurt Earth.

NASA

Although the red supergiant is one of the closest stars for a candidate to the future Near-Earth supernova, it will probably not kill us, simply because the distance from it to the Earth is too great. Earth will probably not be destroyed or even affected at all.

❓ FAQ